Consequences of the Permian impacts - Part 2

p) Wegener's impact caused such seismic disturbance on the planet that it affected the behavior of the Earth's mantle.

It is possible that the fracturing process of the continents that were part of Gondwana began with the propagation of seismic waves and the hydraulic water hammer of the waves reflected by the Earth's core in a concentric pattern.

The break-up of the super-continental bloc of Gondwana into the actual continents of South-America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and India subcontinent, then independent from Asia — as well as the pattern of radial and concentric fractures traversing the bloc — can be attributed to the energy generated by the impact.

q) The Varsican geological megaformation in the stretches of North America and Europe is arranged in a concentric pattern centered on Wegener's impact.

r) The exceptional drift velocity of the Indian Plate, initially directed eastward, can be explained by the impulsion received by waves propagated from Wegener.

By the same token, its change of orientation up north would have been due to Wilkes Land's later impact on its surroundings, and more recently to Shiva's Cretaceous impact on its own tectonic plate.

s) Wegener's impact may explain the cause of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly – the disturbance of the mantle has led to an iron enrichment of the upper crust by bringing an enormous amount of magma rich in iron among other metals up close to the Earth's surface.

The shape of the anomaly is consistent with what is expected for a reemergence of the mantle after an impact of extreme energy.

The iron rich layer also follows the path of the volcanic seamount chains of Wegener Crater’s Philippine Sea Plate/Mariana Plate fraction across the Pacific Ocean.

Its position on the southern hemisphere points to a diffusion process radiated from the impact area.

Images: SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY, in Wikipedia - The Portuguese and English editions show different images. While the Portuguese version shows the anomaly in blue extending along the seamount chains to the fraction of the Philippine Sea Plate/Mariana Plate, the English version of Wikipedia shows the anomaly in red and limited just to the more intense region over America/Atlantic.

t) Chile is one of the countries with the highest concentration of mineral ores on Earth, particularly copper iron.

Another country with large copper ore reserves is New Zealand.[1]

These minerals result from the reemergence of the coronary magmatic plume (another study by the author) in a concentric circle from the crater caused by Wegener's impact.

It is the same process that creates the secondary rings of a complex crater.

The same phenomenon occurred in South Africa, another country rich in metallic ores (and diamonds), where major deposits surround the confirmed impact crater of Vredefort.

The same process took place at the Bedout Crater and this explains the cause of the exceptional richness of the iron deposits in northern Western Australia.

The orogenesis of the Andes caused intense volcanism due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate, which brought to the surface several minerals such as copper, molybdenum, gold and lithium (detailed in the next post).

u) Chile, Peru, Japan and Philippines have high levels of seismic activity due to the subduction of the plates where they are located, and this can be attributed to the studied event.

Large magnitude earthquakes are more frequent in these countries than elsewhere.

In Chile:

· Caldera Earthquake, September 1, 1420 (magnitude 9.4)

· Arica Earthquake, August 13, 1868 (magnitude 9.0)

· Valdivia Earthquake, May 22, 1960 (magnitude 9.5)

· Another 23 mega-earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8, such as Maule's, February 27, 2010 (magnitude 8.8)

· Other 94 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7, such as Concepcion, May 21, 1960 (magnitude 7.9)

In Peru:

· Earthquake of October 20, 1687 (magnitude between 8.0 and 8.4)

· Earthquake of June 23, 2001 (magnitude 8.4)

· Earthquake of May 31, 1970 (magnitude 7.9)

In Japan:

· Tohoku Earthquake March 11, 2011 (magnitude 9.0)

· Tohei Earthquake, October 28, 1707 (magnitude 8.6)

· Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake, June 15, 1896 (magnitude 8.5)

· Another 19 mega-earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8, such as the Kuril Islands, November 15, 2006 (magnitude 8.4)

· Another 38 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7, such as the Great Kanto Earthquake, September 1, 1923 (magnitude 7.9)

In the Philippines:

· Luzon Earthquake, July 16, 1990 (magnitude 7.7)

· Bohol Earthquake October 15, 2013 (magnitude 7.2)

v) All or at least the vast majority of coal deposits found in Brazil do not come from the Carboniferous period, but are from Permian origin.[2]

One possible explanation for this are the massive forest fires caused by Wegener's impact.

After being charred, whole forests were dragged to lakes and estuaries mainly in the southern region of the country, originating the deposits of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.

Coal reserves found in Victoria Land, Antarctica, are also from Permian origin.[3]

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[1] See item β) below.

[2] Serviço Geológico do Brasil - CPRM, http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Carvao-Mineral-2558.html, 2014 August 18, Pércio de Moraes Branco

[3] Willett Range Coal Deposits, Mackay Glacier Area, Victoria Land, Antarctica, Editions 6331-6335, by John J. Mulligan, page 64

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